What Aircraft And Service Flight 54 Aa Ord

Four-engine propeller-driven airliner, Usa 1942

DC-4
Role	Airliner/transport aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight	14 February 1942 (production series)[1]
Introduction	1942 with United Airlines
Retired	1991
Status	In very express utilise
Primary users	South African Airways Museum Society United Airlines (historical) American Airlines (historical) Trans Globe Airlines (historical) Buffalo Airways (historical)
Produced	1942 – August 1947
Number congenital	80[2] DC-4 and 1,163 C-54/R5D
Variants	C-54 Skymaster Canadair North Star Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair
Developed into	Douglas DC-6

The Douglas DC-4 is an American four-engined (piston), propeller-driven airliner adult by the Douglas Shipping Visitor. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift and into the 1960s. From 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide.

Design and development [edit]

Post-obit proving flights by United Airlines of the DC-4E, it became obvious that the 52-seat airliner was too large to operate economically and the partner airlines^[a] recommended a long list of changes required to the design. Douglas took the new requirement and produced a new blueprint, the DC-4A, with a simpler unpressurised fuselage, R-2000 Twin Wasp engines, and a single fin and rudder. Both designs included tricycle landing gear, different the predecessor 2-engined DC-3.

With the entry of the U.s.a. into World War 2, in December 1941, the War Department took over the provision orders for the airlines and allocated them to the United States Regular army Air Forces with the designation C-54 Skymaster. The start C-54 flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California, on fourteen February 1942.

To meet war machine requirements, the kickoff production aircraft had 4 additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the main motel, which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft was designated C-54A and congenital with a stronger floor and a cargo door with a hoist and winch. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943. With the introduction of the C-54B in March 1944, the outer wings were changed to concur integral fuel tanks, allowing two of the motel tanks to be removed; this allowed 49 seats (or 16 stretchers) to be fitted. The C-54C was a hybrid for Presidential use, it had a C-54A fuselage with four cabin fuel tanks and the C-54B wings with built-in tanks to accomplish maximum range.

The nigh common variant was the C-54D, which entered service in August 1944, a C-54B with more than powerful R-2000-11 engines. With the C-54E the concluding ii motel fuel tanks were moved to the wings, which allowed more freight or 44 passenger seats.

In total, 1,163 C-54/R5Ds were built for the United States armed forces between 1942 and January 1946; another 79 DC-4s were built after the war. A later variant, equipped to wing over 40% faster, was built in Canada every bit the Canadair Northward Star.

Operational history [edit]

The DC-4/C-54 proved to be a pop and reliable type, with 1,245 being congenital between May 1942 and August 1947, including 79 postwar DC-4s. Several remained in service as of 2014. 1 current operator is Buffalo Airways of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.^[3]

Douglas connected to develop the type during the state of war in preparation for a render to airline use when peace returned. The type'southward sales prospects were affected when 500 wartime ex-military C-54s and R5Ds came onto the civilian market place, many being converted to DC-4 standard past Douglas. DC-4s were a favorite of charter airlines such equally Peachy Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines, and Transocean Airlines. In the 1950s, Transocean (Oakland, California) was the largest civilian C-54/DC-4 operator.

Aerolíneas Argentinas DC-iv starting engines at Buenos Aires international airport, circa 1958

Douglas produced 79 new-build DC-4s between January 1946 and August 9, 1947, the last instance existence delivered to Southward African Airways. Pressurization was an option, but all civilian DC-4s (and C-54s) were built unpressurized.

A total of 330 DC-4s and C-54s was used in the Berlin Airlift, which made them the almost used types.

Purchasers of new-build DC-4s included Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Western Airlines in the US, and KLM Imperial Dutch Air Lines, Scandinavian Airlines System, Iberia Airlines of Espana, Swissair, Air France, Sabena Belgian World Airlines, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946), and South African Airways overseas.^[4] Several airlines used new-build DC-4s to start scheduled transatlantic flights betwixt Latin America and Europe. Among the primeval were Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946), Iberia Airlines of Spain (1946), and Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basic prices for a new DC-4 in 1946–47 was around £140,000-£160,000. In 1960, used DC-4s were available for around £80,000.^[5]

As of June 2020^[update], two DC-4s were operational South Africa. Owned by the South African Airways Museum Society, they are used by SkyClass Aviation for charters. Both shipping (ZS-BMH and ZS-AUB) are in historical Southward African Airways livery.^{[vi] [7]}

Variants [edit]

DC-4

Main production airliner, postwar

Canadair North Star

Canadian production of a Rolls-Royce Merlin-powered variant, plus a single instance powered with Pratt & Whitney R-2800s

Aviation Traders Carvair

British cargo and machine ferry with a modified nose with a raised cockpit to allow cars to be loaded more hands

Operators [edit]

The Douglas DC-iv Skymaster is depicted on this 1946 U.S. Airmail postage stamp. The DC-4 was used extensively for airmail service.

Accidents and incidents [edit]

Surviving aircraft [edit]

A DC-4 painted in the KLM "Flying Dutchman" scheme of the Dutch Dakota Association, Lelystad, The netherlands

Very few DC-4s remain in service today.^[eight]

• The final two passenger DC-4s operating worldwide are based in Johannesburg, South Africa. They fly with onetime Due south African Airways (SAA) livery. They are ZS-AUB Outeniqua and ZS-BMH Lebombo and are endemic past the South African Airways Museum Society^{[nine] [ten]} and operated by Skyclass Aviation,^[11] a company specialising in archetype and VIP charters to exotic destinations in Africa.
• As of 2011, a 1944-built DC-iv is beingness restored at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Gild in New South Wales, Commonwealth of australia.^[12]
• Buffalo Airways in Canada'south Northwest Territories owned 11 DC-4s (onetime C-54s of diverse versions), four for hauling cargo and three for aerial firefighting. However, they take all recently been retired in favor of using the Lockheed Fifty-188 Electra for these purposes. All 11 are listed for sale on Buffalo Airways's website.^{[13] [fourteen] [15]}
• A 1945-congenital DC-4 (C-54D) 43-17228 is being operated by Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation as a flight museum of the Berlin Airlift. Called the Spirit of Freedom, it replaced a previous C-54 (44-9144) damaged past a tornado in 2020. ^[16]
• Alaska Air Fuel^[17] also operates two DC4s out of Palmer, Alaska, The states.
• One ex-Buffalo DC-iv^[18] (N55CW c/northward 10673, currently registered to Aircraft GUARANTY CORP TRUSTEE) is fitted with spray confined on top of the wings and is currently based in Florida on standby for oil pollution control.^[19]
• A 1945-built C-54 (C-54E-5-Exercise) c/n 27289, USAAF serial 44-9063, was recovered from Reconstruction Finance Corporation past Douglas aircraft for conversion to DC-4. It served with Pan American Globe Airways from 1946 to 1952 as NC-88887, and so with a succession of carriers and individual owners until retired in 1989 as N88887. Around 1990 it was placed on display at the Berlin Airlift Memorial at Frankfurt Airport.^[20]

Specifications (DC-4-1009) [edit]

Information from Jane'southward all the World'south Aircraft 1947,^[21] McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Book I^[22]

General characteristics

• Crew: 4
• Capacity: day transport: 44 pax with baggage and freight; sleeper transport : 22 pax with baggage and freight

later, up to 86 in high density seating

• Length: 93 ft ten in (28.60 m)
• Wingspan: 117 ft half-dozen in (35.81 m)
• Acme: 27 ft six in (8.38 m)
• Wing area: i,460 sq ft (136 mⁱⁱ)
• Airfoil: root: NACA 23016; tip: NACA 23012^[23]
• Empty weight: 43,300 lb (19,641 kg)
• Gross weight: 63,500 lb (28,803 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 73,000 lb (33,112 kg)
• Fuel chapters: 2,868 United states of america gal (ii,388 imp gal; x,860 fifty) normal capacity or three,592 US gal (2,991 imp gal; 13,600 50) with alternative inner fly tanks
• Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-2000-2SD13-G Twin Wasp xiv-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, ane,450 hp (ane,080 kW) each for accept-off

1,100 hp (820 kW) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)

• Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic, 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m) diameter constant-speed propellers

Performance

• Maximum speed: 280 mph (450 km/h, 240 kn) at xiv,000 ft (4,300 thou)
• Cruise speed: 227 mph (365 km/h, 197 kn) 60% power at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)

Maximum cruise speed 246 mph (214 kn; 396 km/h) in high blower at 20,800 ft (half-dozen,300 m)

• Range: 3,300 mi (5,300 km, 2,900 nmi) at 10% above max L/D speed
• Ferry range: 4,250 mi (half-dozen,840 km, 3,690 nmi) with inner fly fuel cells
• Wing loading: 50.1 lb/sq ft (245 kg/chiliad²) at maximum gross weight
• Power/mass: 0.0787 hp/lb (0.1294 kW/kg) at maximum gross weight with accept-off power

Run across also [edit]

Related evolution

• Aviation Traders Carvair
• Canadair North Star
• Douglas DC-4E
• Douglas C-54 Skymaster
• Douglas DC-six
• Douglas DC-7

Shipping of comparable office, configuration, and era

• Boeing 307 Stratoliner
• Lockheed Constellation
• Lockheed L-049 Constellation

Related lists

• List of aircraft
• List of ceremonious shipping

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The partners in the project were American Airlines, Eastern, Pan American, Trans World and United

References [edit]

1. ^ "History: Products: DC-four/C-54 Skymaster Transport". Boeing. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
2. ^ Piston Engine Airliner Product List 1996
3. ^ Stapleton, Rob (15 Baronial 2009). "Brooks Fuel keeps Alaska supplied using legacy aircraft". Alaska Periodical of Commerce . Retrieved 27 Feb 2017.
4. ^ Drupe 1967, pp. 70–73.
5. ^ "de havilland | 1960 | 2687 | Flying Archive". Flight. eighteen Nov 1960. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
6. ^ "SkyClassic". SkyClass Aviation. South Africa. Retrieved seven June 2020.
7. ^ "Our Shipping". South African Airways Museum Society. South Africa. Retrieved vii June 2020.
8. ^ Blewett 2007, p. 101.
9. ^ ""Outeniqua" Douglas DC-iv 1009 ZS-AUB c/northward 42984". Southward African Airways Museum Gild. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
10. ^ ""Lebombo" Douglas DC-4 1009 ZS-BMH c/n 43157". South African Airways Museum Society. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
11. ^ "Portfolios: SkyClassic". SkyClass Aviation. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
12. ^ Morgan, Ben. "Engineering Underway on the Douglas DC4". hars.org.au. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
13. ^ "Buffalo Airways Aircraft Fleet". Retrieved 17 November 2015.
14. ^ McBryan, Mikey (28 January 2019). Airplane Savers E26 "Alive Stream" . Retrieved 13 March 2022 – via YouTube.
15. ^ "Wanted and for sale". US: Buffalo Airways. Retrieved thirteen March 2022.
16. ^ "Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation". Retrieved 25 August 2021.
17. ^ "City: airdrome'southward futurity bright".
18. ^ "Douglas DC-4 "Oil Bomber" Spray Plane at KCGI". seMissourian.com. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
19. ^ "N55CW (1942 DOUGLAS C54D-DC owned past AIRCRAFT GUARANTY CORP TRUSTEE) Aircraft Registration ✈ FlightAware".
20. ^ "Registration Details for N88887". PlaneLogger . Retrieved 22 November 2021.
21. ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1947). Jane's all the World'south Aircraft 1947. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. p. 219c.
22. ^ Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Book I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 313–333. ISBN0870214284.
23. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu . Retrieved 16 Apr 2019.

Bibliography [edit]

• Aro, Chuck. "Talkback". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. p. 80. ISSN 0143-5450.
• Berry, Peter et al. The Douglas DC-4. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Uk (Historians) Ltd, 1967.
• Blewett, R. Survivors. Coulsden, UK: Aviation Classics, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9530413-4-3.
• Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
• Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, Great britain: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN i-85310-261-10.
• Yenne, Nib. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Ii Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-six.

External links [edit]

• Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Ship
• The final DC-4s flying passenger service Archived 2017-02-17 at the Wayback Car
• Vintage Wings of Canada Canadair North Star showing RR Merlin installation
• Life mag photos past Eliot Elisofon of first production batch of DC-4s beingness completed (partly outdoors) as armed forces C-54s (note absence of cargo door on these), and including early on air-to-air photos of 42-10237 the showtime DC-4/C-54 to wing
• Pop Mechanics Article about testing prototype DC-4. Incl photo of triple-tail prototype

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-4

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